Gender differences in trachomatous scarring prevalence in a formerly trachoma hyperendemic district in Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Trachoma is a chronic conjunctivitis caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Repeated infections lead to trachomatous conjunctival scarring which can progress to potentially blinding trachomatous trichiasis (TT). In trachoma hyperendemic conditions, women compared to men have an increased risk of scarring and TT, which can progress to blinding corneal opacification. This study determined if there were gender differences in scarring prevalence and severity when trachoma prevalence approaches elimination, in a formerly trachoma hyperendemic region. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted amongst adults age 15 years and older in Kongwa district, Tanzania in 2019. 3168 persons over age 15 years agreed to be examined and had at least one eye with a gradable image. Ocular photographs were graded for scarring according to a published four-step severity scale. Overall, about half of all study participants had scarring. However, more females (52.3%) had any scarring compared to males (47.2%), OR = 1.22 (95% CI = 1.05-1.43). For every year increase in age, there was a 6.5% increase in the odds of having more severe scarring (95% CI: 5.8%, 7.2%). Women were more likely than men to have severe scarring, OR 2.36 (95% CI: 1.84-3.02). Residence in a community with TF≥10% was associated with a 1.6-fold increased odds of any scarring. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Overall scarring prevalence and more severe scarring prevalence was higher in females compared to males, even adjusting for age and community TF prevalence. The data suggest that processes occur that lead to women preferentially progressing towards more severe scarring compared to men.

The prevention and management of postoperative trachomatous trichiasis: A systematic review.

Among ocular infections, trachoma is the main cause of blindness. Repeated conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infections lead to trichiasis, corneal opacification, and visual impairment. Surgery is often needed to relieve discomfort and preserve vision; however, a high postoperative trachomatous trichiasis (PTT) rate has been observed in various settings. We wanted to know why, whether PTT rates could be reduced, and how to manage the PTT that occurs. We performed a search of the literature. Of 217 papers screened, 59 studies were identified for inclusion as potentially relevant, the majority having been excluded for not directly concerning PTT in humans. Preventing PTT is a major challenge. Only one published trial, the STAR trial in Ethiopia, has reported a cumulative PTT rate <10% one year after surgery. The literature on the management of PTT is sparse. Though no PTT management guidelines are available, high-quality surgery with a low rate of unfavorable outcomes for PTT patients is likely to require enhanced training of a smaller group of highly-skilled surgeons. Based on the surgical complexity and the authors' own experience, the pathway for patients suffering from PTT should be studied further for improvement.

A secondary analysis to determine countries and districts eligible for documented full geographic coverage for trichiasis case finding and outreaches.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends house-to-house case searches as an option to evidence whether the elimination of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) has been reached. We sought to determine the number of trachoma-endemic countries and districts that will require either documented full geographic coverage (DFGC) or TT-only surveys. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Trachoma Atlas to identify evaluation units (EUs) that require house-to-house case searches or TT-only surveys to demonstrate achievement of the elimination of TT. RESULTS: There were 1710 EUs with TT above the elimination prevalence target in all trachoma-endemic countries. Of those EUs, 852 (49.8%) do not have a future survey planned and will therefore potentially have to evidence through DFGC or TT-only surveys whether the elimination prevalence target for TT has been reached. CONCLUSION: Of the large number of EUs that require TT-related activities, nearly half of them will need to evidence that every household in the EU has been visited by a case finder and all confirmed cases managed. Given that this is a relatively new way to evidence elimination, and countries face different sociopolitical challenges, cross-country learning and improved guidance is key to support global elimination.

Improving data use in trachomatous trichiasis programmes: operationalisation of the TT Tracker.

Trachoma is a disease of the eye and the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Years of repeated infections can cause in-turning of the lashes so that they rub against the eyeball, causing pain, discomfort and, if left untreated, blindness. This is known as trachomatous trichiasis (TT) and can be remedied by surgery. To improve oversight and reporting of TT outreach, Sightsavers developed a mobile phone application called the TT Tracker so that TT surgeons, assistants and supervisors can collect and analyse information about surgical outcomes and performance and determine when and where follow-up appointments are required. The TT Tracker is being used by seven national programmes. Examples of use and programme improvements from Nigeria, Benin and Senegal are discussed here.

Explaining the continuing high prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis unknown to the health system in evaluation units: a mixed methods explanatory study in four trachoma-endemic countries.

BACKGROUND: We explored reasons for continuing higher-than-anticipated prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in population-based prevalence surveys in evaluation units where full geographical coverage of TT case finding was reported. METHODS: A mixed-methods study in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and Tanzania was conducted. We compared data from clinical examination, campaign documentation and interviews with original trachoma impact survey (TIS) results. RESULTS: Of 169 TT cases identified by TIS teams, 130 (77%) were examined in this study. Of those, 90 (69%) were a match (both TIS and study teams agreed on TT classification) and 40 (31%) were a mismatch. Of the 40 mismatches, 22 (55%) were identified as unknown to the health system by the study team but as known to the health system by the TIS team; 12 (30%) were identified as not having TT by the study team but as having TT by the TIS team; and six (15%) were identified as unknown to the health system in the TIS team but as known to the health system by the study team based on documentation reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Incorrectly reported geographical coverage of case-finding activities, and discrepancies in TT status between TIS results and more detailed assessments, are the key reasons identified for continuing high TT prevalence.

Prevalence of trachoma in Somali region, Ethiopia: results from trachoma impact surveys in 50 woredas.

BACKGROUND: Following interventions to eliminate trachoma in Somali region, Ethiopia, we aimed to re-estimate the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) and trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) at woreda level and identify the factors associated with the disease. METHODS: We implemented cross-sectional community-based surveys in 50 trachoma-endemic woredas, using a standardized survey. Households were the secondary sampling unit. Surveys were undertaken through a combination of interviews of household heads and direct inspection of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) access, plus clinical evaluation of eligible household members for TT and TF. RESULTS: Overall, 41 (82%) of the 50 woredas had met the WHO-recommended active trachoma elimination threshold (prevalence of TF <5% in 1-9-y-olds) and 42 (84%) had met the TT threshold (prevalence of TT unknown to the health system <0.2% in ≥15-y-olds). Only 18% of households had access to an improved drinking water source within a 30-min trip and only 25% had an improved latrine. CONCLUSIONS: Additional rounds of antibiotic mass drug administration, plus interventions to enhance facial cleanliness and improve the environment, are required in nine woredas. TT surgical campaigns are needed in eight woredas. Greater access to WASH is required across all the woredas that were surveyed.

High prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular with no trachomatous trichiasis: can alternative indicators explain the epidemiology of trachoma in Côte d'Ivoire?

Baseline trachoma surveys in Côte d'Ivoire (2019) identified seven evaluation units (EUs) with a trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) prevalence ≥10%, but a trachomatous trichiasis (TT) prevalence in individuals ≥15 y of age below the elimination threshold (0.2%). Two of these EUs, Bondoukou 1 and Bangolo 2, were selected for a follow-up survey to understand the epidemiology of trachoma using additional indicators of Chlamydia trachomatis infection (DNA from conjunctival swabs) and exposure (anti-Pgp3 and Ct694 antibodies from dried blood spots [DBSs]). A two-stage cluster sampling methodology was used to select villages and households. All individuals 1-9 y of age from each selected household were recruited, graded for trachoma and had a conjunctival swab and DBS collected. Conjunctival swabs and DBSs were tested using Cepheid GeneXpert and a multiplex bead assay, respectively. The age-adjusted TF and infection prevalence in 1- to 9-year-olds was <1% and <0.3% in both EUs. Age-adjusted seroprevalence was 5.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5 to 15.6) in Bondoukou 1 and 8.2% (95% CI 4.3 to 13.7) in Bangolo 2. The seroconversion rate for Pgp3 was low, at 1.23 seroconversions/100 children/year (95% CI 0.78 to 1.75) in Bondoukou 1 and 1.91 (95% CI 1.58 to 2.24) in Bangolo 2. Similar results were seen for CT694. These infection, antibody and clinical data provide strong evidence that trachoma is not a public health problem in either EU.

Gender differences in the surgical management of trachomatous trichiasis: an exploratory analysis of global trachoma survey data, 2015-2019.

BACKGROUND: Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is a painful, potentially blinding eye condition that can be managed through epilation or surgery. Women are affected by TT approximately twice as often as men and are believed to face gendered barriers to receiving surgical care to prevent vision loss. METHODS: We used data from 817 cross-sectional surveys conducted during 2015-2019 in 20 African countries to estimate the prevalence difference (PD) between female and male eyes for four outcomes potentially indicating gender-related differences in TT management: (1) received surgery and developed postoperative TT (PTT), (2) never offered surgery, (3) offered surgery but declined it, and (4) offered epilation but never offered surgery. RESULTS: The prevalence was modestly elevated among female eyes compared with male eyes for having PTT (PD:1.8 [95% confidence limits (CL): 0.6, 3.0]) and having declined surgery for the eye (PD: 6.2 [95% CL: 1.8, 10.7]). The proportion offered epilation was similar by gender (PD:0.5 [95% CL: -0.4, 1.3]), while never having been offered surgery was somewhat more prevalent among male eyes (PD: -2.1 [95% CL: -3.5, -0.7]). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest potential gender differences in TT management. More research is needed to determine the causes and implications of the observed differences.

Effectiveness of Trachomatous Trichiasis Case-identification Approaches in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Trachoma control programs use multiple approaches to identify individuals with trachomatous trichiasis (TT). Evidence is limited regarding which approaches are most effective and cost-efficient. METHODS: We evaluated the effectiveness of two TT case-identification approaches in Ethiopia: community mobilization to encourage self-referral for centralized screening and house-to-house screenings conducted by case finders. We compared the number of true cases found per 1000 population and costs associated with case identification under each approach, stratified by villages that received one or multiple screening visits. RESULTS: We conducted screenings in 396 villages. In villages receiving one house-to-house visit, case finders identified 14,229 suspected cases, of whom 10,513 (73.9%) presented for TT confirmation. A median of 17.2% (interquartile range [IQR]: 9.1%-27.8%) of those presenting truly had TT (positive predictive value). In single-visit villages, the community mobilization approach yielded higher rates of confirmed cases than the house-to-house approach (1.5 [IQR: 1.1, 2.6] vs. 1.1 [IQR: 0.5, 1.9] cases per 1000 population), and the median cost of identifying a TT case was less ($5.59 vs. $31.18) using community mobilization than house-to-house. In multiple-visit villages, additional screening visits increased the median rate of confirmed cases to 2.5 per 1000 population in community mobilization villages, but the rate remained unchanged in house-to-house villages. CONCLUSIONS: Community mobilization-based TT case finding had a higher yield than house-to-house, at a substantially lower cost. Future research should examine whether additional tools to aid case finders in their diagnosis increases case-finding efficiency and accuracy and whether TT prevalence and surgical program duration impact case-finding success.

Prevalence of trachoma in the non-indigenous Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region, Ceará State, Northeast Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to estimate the population prevalence of trachoma in non-indigenous populations in the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region, in the state of Ceará, northeast region of Brazil, 2021-2022. METHODS: A population-based prevalence survey focusing on detecting cases of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 y and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) 'unknown to the health system' in people aged ≥15 y, was conducted in rural areas of the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region in the state of Ceará. Indigenous populations will be further researched. RESULTS: There was no detection of cases of TF and TT. In 900 households, 2234 people were examined. In the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region, females (54.6%; 1219/2234) and the mixed/Pardo-Brazilian ethnicity (68.1%; 1521/2234) predominated. The most commonly reported educational level was elementary and middle school (41.8%; 702/1679). In 56.2% (506/900) of households, there was a source of water within the household. The monthly income range of 50%-100% of the minimum wage predominated in the families of the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region (43.1%; 388/900). CONCLUSIONS: Although no cases of TF and TT were detected in the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region in the state of Ceará during the study period, considering the historical endemicity, we emphasise the need for monitoring and sustainability of surveillance actions in areas at risk for trachoma, common contexts for neglected populations.

Using model-based geostatistics for assessing the elimination of trachoma.

BACKGROUND: Trachoma is the commonest infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Efforts are being made to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem globally. However, as prevalence decreases, it becomes more challenging to precisely predict prevalence. We demonstrate how model-based geostatistics (MBG) can be used as a reliable, efficient, and widely applicable tool to assess the elimination status of trachoma. METHODS: We analysed trachoma surveillance data from Brazil, Malawi, and Niger. We developed geostatistical Binomial models to predict trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) prevalence. We proposed a general framework to incorporate age and gender in the geostatistical models, whilst accounting for residual spatial and non-spatial variation in prevalence through the use of random effects. We also used predictive probabilities generated by the geostatistical models to quantify the likelihood of having achieved the elimination target in each evaluation unit (EU). RESULTS: TF and TT prevalence varied considerably by country, with Brazil showing the lowest prevalence and Niger the highest. Brazil and Malawi are highly likely to have met the elimination criteria for TF in each EU, but, for some EUs, there was high uncertainty in relation to the elimination of TT according to the model alone. In Niger, the predicted prevalence varied significantly across EUs, with the probability of having achieved the elimination target ranging from values close to 0% to 100%, for both TF and TT. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the wide applicability of MBG for trachoma programmes, using data from different epidemiological settings. Unlike the standard trachoma prevalence survey approach, MBG provides a more statistically rigorous way of quantifying uncertainty around the achievement of elimination prevalence targets, through the use of spatial correlation. In addition to the analysis of existing survey data, MBG also provides an approach to identify areas in which more sampling effort is needed to improve EU classification. We advocate MBG as the new standard method for analysing trachoma survey outputs.

The elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in Togo: Successes and challenges.

BACKGROUND: As of May 2022, 15 countries have declared that they have reached their trachoma elimination targets, but only 13 of them, including Togo, have been validated by the World Health Organization as having eliminated the disease as a public health problem. The aim of this study was to describe the broad interventions that have supported the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in Togo from its inception in 2006 to the validation of its elimination in 2022. METHOD: A review and compilation of data and information contained in the country's submission to World Health Organization for validation of trachoma elimination as a public health problem was conducted. Data from national and local surveillance systems and reports on actions taken after achieving the elimination target were also included. RESULTS: Togo has achieved the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem by 2022. The prevalence of follicular trachoma among children aged 1-9 years is <5% in all nationally defined administrative units suspected of having trachoma after stopping mass treatment for at least 2 years. The prevalence of trichiasis among persons aged 15 years and older is less than 0.2% in all administrative units previously endemic for trachoma and evidence of the ability to manage incident cases of emerging trichiasis in the community has been demonstrated. The key of the success in the elimination process was primarily the political commitment of the health authorities with financial and technical support from various international organizations. CONCLUSION: The elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in Togo is a real success story that can serve as an example for the elimination of other neglected tropical diseases in Africa. But regular monitoring and surveillance is essential to avoid the re-emergence of such disease in the country.

Impact of personal protective equipment on the clarity of vision among trachoma survey graders and trichiasis surgeons in the context of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the use of personal protective equipment for those involved in trachoma survey grading and trichiasis surgery. We sought to determine which configuration of a face shield would be less likely to impact grading accuracy and ability to conduct trichiasis surgery. The research also included assessment of comfort, ease of cleaning and robustness. METHODS: There were three research phases. In phase 1, assessment of four potential face shield configurations was undertaken with principal trachoma graders and trichiasis surgeon trainers to decide which two options should undergo further testing. In phase 2, clarity of vision and comfort (in a classroom environment) of the two configurations were assessed compared with no face shield (control), while grading trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF). The second phase also included the assessment of impact of the configurations while performing trichiasis surgery using a training model. In phase 3, face shield ease of use was evaluated during routine surgical programmes. RESULTS: In phase 2, 124 trachoma graders and 28 trichiasis surgeons evaluated the 2 face shield configurations selected in phase 1. TF agreement was high (kappa=0.83 and 0.82) for both configurations compared with not wearing a face shield. Comfort was reported as good by 51% and 32% of graders using the two configurations. Trichiasis skill scores were similar for both configurations. CONCLUSION: The face shield configuration that includes a cut-out for mounting the 2.5× magnifying loupes does not appear to impact the ability or comfort of trachoma graders or trichiasis surgeons to carry out their work.

Cicatricial Entropion in Chronic Cicatrizing Conjunctivitis: Potential Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Long-Term Outcomes of a Modified Technique.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term outcomes of severe cicatricial entropion repair with mucous membrane grafting in patients with chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis and report histopathological changes in the eyelid margin area. METHODS: Prospective interventional study included 19 patients with severe cicatricial entropion with trichiasis (N = 20 eyelids; 19 upper and 1 lower eyelid) who underwent anterior lamellar recession (with back cuts) and mucous membrane grafting cover for bare anterior tarsus, lid margin, and 2 mm of marginal tarsus, and had a minimum 6 months of follow-up. The anterior lamella and metaplastic eyelid margins were sent for routine Haematoxylin and Eosin and special staining with Masson trichrome stain. RESULTS: The etiologies were chronic Stevens-Johnson syndrome (N = 6), chemical injury (N = 11), and drug-induced pseudopemphigoid (N = 2). Five eyes had undergone entropion correction in the past, and 9 had electroepilation for trichiasis. Entropion was well corrected (without residual trichiasis) in 85% of eyelids with primary surgery. The etiology-wise success rates were 100% for Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 72.7% for chemical injury, and 100% for drug-induced pseudopemphigoid. Three eyelids with failure belonged to chemical injury, and trichiasis in these eyes could be managed with subsequent interventions except in 1 case. All eyelids had no entropion at a mean follow-up of 10.8 months (range, 6-18). Histopathological evaluation of anterior lamella (N = 10) and eyelid margins revealed significant fibrosis in subepithelial, perimysium (muscle of Riolan), and perifollicular areas. CONCLUSION: Anterior lamellar recession combined with mucous membrane grafting achieves good cicatricial entropion correction except in eyes with chemical injury. The eyelid margins in these eyes have persistent inflammation, and fibrosis involving lash follicles.

Longitudinal follow-up of pediatric Graves' disease in preschool children: Clinical characteristics and a case report.

RATIONALE: Pediatric Graves' disease at preschool age is a rare condition. Previous reports have indicated that adolescents with this disease are girls. Pediatric Graves' ophthalmopathy in young children is rare, and long-term follow-up reports are lacking. PATIENT CONCERNS: The patient had hyperthyroidism and bilateral proptosis for 2 years, but she was only 4 years old. DIAGNOSES: The blood test revealed hyperthyroidism and the ophthalmic examination revealed proptosis. The patient had Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy. INTERVENTIONS: Initially, she was followed up in the pediatric department. Bilateral proptosis developed, and she was brought to the ophthalmology department for assistance. Orbital computed tomography revealed borderline enlargement of the extraocular muscles bilaterally. Other initial clinical findings included bilateral upper and lower eyelid trichiasis and mild punctate epithelial erosions of the cornea. She received conservative medical treatment in the ophthalmology department. OUTCOMES: Remission of hyperthyroidism was achieved 2 years after medical control. No elevated intraocular pressure, strabismus, or optic neuropathy developed during follow-up. Significant cosmetic improvement and gradual resolution of punctate epithelial erosions were found over 10 years. Finally, the patient had only mild bilateral lower trichiasis. LESSONS: Longitudinal follow-up revealed that the ocular manifestations of proptosis and eyelid trichiasis may have good outcomes. Proptosis gradually improved as the patient grew up.

The impact of incorporating surgical simulation into trichiasis surgery training on operative aspects of initial live-training surgeries.

BACKGROUND: While surgical simulation is regularly used in surgical training in high-income country settings, it is uncommon in low- and middle-income countries, particularly for surgical training that primarily occurs in rural areas. We designed and evaluated a novel surgical simulator for improving trachomatous trichiasis (TT) surgery training, given that trichiasis is mostly found among the poorest individuals in rural areas. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: TT surgery programs were invited to incorporate surgical simulation with a new, high fidelity, low-cost simulator into their training. Trainees completed standard TT-surgery training following World Health Organization guidelines. A subset of trainees received three hours of supplemental training with the simulator between classroom and live-surgery training. We recorded the time required to complete each surgery and the number of times the trainer intervened to correct surgical steps. Participants completed questionnaires regarding their perceptions. We also assessed trainer and trainee perceptions of surgical simulation training as part of trichiasis surgery training. 22 surgeons completed standard training and 26 completed standard training plus simulation. We observed 1,394 live-training surgeries. Average time to first live-training surgery completion was nearly 20% shorter the simulation versus the standard group (28.3 vs 34.4 minutes; p = 0.02). Trainers intervened significantly fewer times during initial live-training surgeries in the simulation group (2.7 vs. 4.8; p = 0.005). All trainers indicated the simulator significantly improved training by allowing trainees to practice safely and to identify problem areas before performing live-training surgeries. Trainees reported that simulation practice improved their confidence and skills prior to performing live-training surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: A single high-fidelity surgical simulation session can significantly improve critical aspects of initial TT surgeries.

Sutureless Amniotic Membrane Transplantation Using Pediatric Nasogastric Tube for Patients With Acute Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of the results of sutureless amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) using a pediatric nasogastric tube (NGT) for patients with acute Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) was aimed. METHODS: Twenty-six eyes of 13 patients with SJS/TEN with ocular involvement at a single tertiary care hospital between May 2020 and January 2022 were included in the study. An amniotic membrane was implanted to the ocular surface and conjunctival fornix using a modified symblepharon ring (MR) created by inserting NGT end-to-end. Patients were followed for at least 6 months. The mean duration of the surgery was recorded. The presence of corneal epithelial defect and vascularization, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) grade, conjunctival scarring, eyelid margin keratinization, symblepharon, and trichiasis were recorded. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 38.4±17.6 years. Amniotic membrane transplantation was performed only once for eight patients and twice for five patients. The mean duration of the surgery was 3.2±0.4 min. The modified symblepharon ring was removed 28 days after its application. At the first examination, 20 eyes (76.9%) had a corneal epithelial defect and 6 (23.1%) had early symblepharon. At the postoperative 6 months, although seven eyes (26.9%) had conjunctival scarring and 5 (19.2%) had eyelid margin keratinization, all patients were without any corneal defect, corneal vascularization, or symblepharon. Only 11 eyes (42.3%) showed MGD, and 1 eye (3.8%) showed trichiasis. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that sutureless AMT using pediatric NGT could be a potentially fast and inexpensive treatment option for the treatment of SJS/TEN with ocular involvement at the bedside without the need for general anesthesia.

[Large foreign bodies inside the orbit and maxillary sinus (clinical observation)]. / Krupnye inorodnye tela glaznitsy i verkhnechelyustnoi pazukhi (klinicheskoe nablyudenie).

The great variety of orbital traumas can surprise and challenge specialists attempting to cure its consequences with the best possible outcome. This article presents a clinical case of a patient diagnosed with cicatricial deformity of the free edge and trichiasis of the upper eyelid in the lateral angle area, keratopathy, enophthalmos on the left side; posttraumatic defect of the inferior orbital wall; multiple foreign bodies in the orbit and maxillary sinus on the left side. Patient examination included conventional ophthalmological study methods, as well as multislice computed tomography with 3D-reconstruction. Surgical treatment required involvement of an ophthalmologist, an otorhinolaryngologist and a maxillofacial surgeon. The first stage of surgical treatment addressed the deformity of the lateral part of the upper eyelid margin including resection of its fragment, trichiasis surgery, and lateral canthoplasty. In the second stage, the multidisciplinary team of surgeons removed foreign bodies through combined subciliary and endonasal access with placement of a mandibular autograft onto the inferior orbital wall. Radiological examination should be done in all patients with trauma to the orbital area in order to detect latent injuries. When choosing a treatment strategy, specialists should be aware of trauma complicity and necessity to enlist a multidisciplinary medical team. Patients should be informed that sometimes the consequences of the trauma may not be treated completely.

Standard and modified glabellar flap for medial canthus reconstruction following mass removal in three dogs and two cats.

PURPOSE: To describe the surgical technique and clinical outcomes of the glabellar flap and its modification for the reconstruction of the medial canthus following resection of tumors in three dogs and two cats. METHODS: Three dogs (7-, 7-, and 12.5-year-old mixed breeds) and two cats (10- and 14-year-old Domestic shorthair) presented with a 7-13 mm tumor affecting the eyelid and/or conjunctiva in the medial canthal region. Following en bloc mass excision, an inverted V-shaped skin incision was made in the glabellar region (i.e., the area between the eyebrows in humans). The apex of the inverted V-shaped flap was rotated in three cases, whereas a horizontal sliding movement was performed in the other two cases to better cover the surgical wound. The surgical flap was then trimmed to fit the surgical wound and sutured in place in two layers (subcutaneous and cutaneous). RESULTS: Tumors were diagnosed as mast cell tumors (n = 3), amelanotic conjunctival melanoma (n = 1), and apocrine ductal adenoma (n = 1). No recurrence was noted in a follow-up time of 146 ± 84 days. Satisfactory cosmetic outcome with normal eyelids closure was achieved in all cases. Mild trichiasis was present in all patients and mild epiphora was noted in 2/5 patients, but there were no associated clinical signs such as discomfort or keratitis. CONCLUSIONS: The glabellar flap was easy to perform and provided a good outcome in terms of cosmetic, eyelid function, and corneal health. Postoperative complications from trichiasis appear to be minimized by the presence of the third eyelid in this region.

Postoperative trachomatous trichiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

BACKGROUND: Trachomatous trichiasis is the potential stage of trachoma in which the eyelashes scratch the surface of the globe, ultimately causing corneal opacity, visual impairment and blindness. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to obtain the pooled prevalence and associated factors of postoperative trachomatous trichiasis (PTT) in World Health Organization (WHO) trachoma-endemic regions. METHODS: An inclusive literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases from 30 May 2022 to 28 June 2022. I2 statistics and funnel plots were used to determine heterogeneity and publication bias among included studies. A random effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence, incidence and odds ratios (ORs) with the respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using RevMan 5.4 software. RESULTS: Eighteen articles were included in this meta-analysis and systematic review. The pooled prevalence of PTT was 19% (range 18-21). PTT was lower among young adults compared with old adults (OR 0.63 [95% CI 0.44 to 0.92]), single-dose oral azithromycin as compared with tetracycline eye ointment users (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.69 to 0.99]) and minor trichiasis before surgery as compared with major trichiasis (OR 0.63 [95% CI 0.47 to 0.85]). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PTT was higher than the WHO's recommendation. Prescribing single-dose oral azithromycin after surgery, periodic training for trichiasis surgeons, close follow-up and health education after surgery are crucial to minimize the recurrence.Study protocol registration on PROSPERO: CRD42022336003.